🇳🇬 Outbreak Investigation of Acute Ascites in Sokoto
  • Overview
  • Case description
  • Exposures

Cohort

95 Cases 250 Controls

Alkaloid Measured

22 Cases 16 Controls
  • Cases distributionby Province in Sokoto, 🇳🇬
  • 📈 Cases per week and sex
  • 📈 Cases vs Controls per week
  • Age and Sex Distribution
  • Digestive Symptoms by Age
  • Digestive symptoms - Cases vs Controls
  • Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid (PA) Levels - Cases vs Controls
  • Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid (PA) Levels - Cases vs Controls by Age
Age N. Cases N. Controls Cases Mean (Min-Max) Controls Mean (Min-Max) Cases Median (IQR) Controls Median (IQR) Wilcoxon p
1-4 years 7 2 12.4 (0.69–38.68) 0 (0–0) 3.67 (17.78) 0 (0) 0.056
5-9 years 8 7 10.47 (1.21–36.86) 1.78 (0–12.43) 6.57 (8.82) 0 (0) 0.010
10-14 years 7 7 14.23 (0.63–35.02) 1.15 (0–4.98) 14.9 (21.82) 0 (1.54) 0.028

Antibiotics use

48%
  • Symptoms Prevalence
  • Symptoms Per Group
  • Medical Conditions
  • Vaccination
Variable Prevalence Percentage Frequency
Any problem of gastrointestinal tract 45
47.4%
45 / 95
Abdominal distention 45
97.8%
45 / 46
Abdominal pain 42
93.3%
42 / 45
Fever 24
25.3%
24 / 95
Vomiting 23
51.1%
23 / 45
Loss of appetite 19
42.2%
19 / 45
Diarrhoea 15
33.3%
15 / 45
Any chest problem 4
4.2%
4 / 95
Wheeze 3
75%
3 / 4
Sweating or chills (day or night) 2
2.1%
2 / 95
Blood in stool 2
4.4%
2 / 45
Cough 2
50%
2 / 4
Breathlessness 2
100%
2 / 2
Pale stool 1
2.2%
1 / 45
Excessive salivation 1
2.2%
1 / 45
Any muscle or bone problem 1
1.1%
1 / 95
Any ear, nose or throat problem 1
1.1%
1 / 95
...with sputum 1
50%
1 / 2
Pain in mouth 1
100%
1 / 1
Runny nose 1
100%
1 / 1
Swallowing problem 1
100%
1 / 1
Difficult swallow 1
100%
1 / 1
Painful swallow 1
100%
1 / 1
Fatigue or malaise 1
100%
1 / 1
Muscle pain or aching 1
100%
1 / 1
.. duration 0
0%
0 / 45
Any neurological problems 0
0%
0 / 95
Any eye problem 0
0%
0 / 95
...with blood 0
0%
0 / 24
Altered level of consciousness 0
0%
0 / 2
Seizures 0
0%
0 / 1
Pain or redness in the eye 0
0%
0 / 1
Sore throat 0
0%
0 / 1
Muscle cramps 0
0%
0 / 1
Variable cases
N = 95
controls
N = 250
p-value1
Abdominal distention, n (%) 45 (98%) 4 (100%) >0.9
    Missing/Unknown 49 246
Abdominal pain, n (%) 42 (93%) 4 (100%) >0.9
    Missing/Unknown 50 246
Wheeze, n (%) 3 (75%) 0 (NA%) >0.9
    Missing/Unknown 91 250
Vomiting, n (%) 23 (51%) 4 (100%) 0.12
    Missing/Unknown 50 246
Cough, n (%) 2 (50%) 0 (NA%) >0.9
    Missing/Unknown 91 250
...with sputum, n (%) 1 (50%) 0 (NA%) >0.9
    Missing/Unknown 93 250
Diarrhoea, n (%) 15 (34%) 4 (100%) 0.020
    Missing/Unknown 51 246
Loss of appetite, n (%) 19 (42%) 0 (0%) 0.15
    Missing/Unknown 50 246
Any problem of gastrointestinal tract, n (%) 45 (47%) 4 (1.9%) <0.001
    Missing/Unknown 0 34
Fever, n (%) 24 (25%) 7 (3.0%) <0.001
    Missing/Unknown 0 16
Blood in stool, n (%) 2 (4.5%) 0 (0%) >0.9
    Missing/Unknown 51 246
Sweating or chills (day or night), n (%) 2 (2.2%) 5 (2.3%) >0.9
    Missing/Unknown 3 31
Pale stool, n (%) 1 (2.3%) 0 (0%) >0.9
    Missing/Unknown 51 246
Excessive salivation, n (%) 1 (2.3%) 0 (0%) >0.9
    Missing/Unknown 51 246
Any chest problem, n (%) 4 (4.3%) 2 (0.9%) 0.066
    Missing/Unknown 2 30
Any ear, nose or throat problem, n (%) 1 (1.1%) 0 (0%) 0.3
    Missing/Unknown 3 33
Any muscle or bone problem, n (%) 1 (1.1%) 0 (0%) 0.3
    Missing/Unknown 2 32
Only exposures with non-zero prevalence are shown.
1 Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test
Variable Prevalence Percentage Frequency
Tuberculosis (active) 1
1.1%
1 / 94
Congenital anomaly 0
0%
0 / 95
Chronic heart disease 0
0%
0 / 94
Chronic lung disease 0
0%
0 / 94
Chronic neurologic condition 0
0%
0 / 95
Chronic liver disease 0
0%
0 / 94
Chronic kidney disease 0
0%
0 / 94
Diabetes 0
0%
0 / 95
Hematological Disorders 0
0%
0 / 95
HIV 0
0%
0 / 93
Cancer 0
0%
0 / 95
Other immunosuppressive condition 0
0%
0 / 95
Variable Prevalence Percentage Frequency
BCG 14
14.7%
14 / 95
Yellow fever 13
13.7%
13 / 95
IPV 11
11.6%
11 / 95
Hepatitis B vaccine 7
7.4%
7 / 95
Rotavirus 7
7.4%
7 / 95
Mumps and Rubella (MMR) 6
6.3%
6 / 95
Hepatitis A vaccine 4
4.2%
4 / 95
  • Food exposures prior to hospital admission - Cases
  • Food exposures prior to hospital admission - Controls
  • Exposure to medication prior to hospital admission - Cases vs Controls
  • Other exposures prior to hospital admission - Cases vs Controls
Variable cases
N = 95
controls
N = 250
p-value1
Antibiotics, n (%) 42 (45%) 2 (0.8%) <0.001
    Missing/Unknown 2 0
Paracetamol/acetaminophen, n (%) 8 (8.5%) 1 (0.4%) <0.001
    Missing/Unknown 1 0
Other medications, n (%) 4 (4.3%) 0 (0%) 0.005
    Missing/Unknown 1 0
Cough Medicine, n (%) 1 (1.1%) 0 (0%) 0.3
    Missing/Unknown 1 2
Only exposures with non-zero prevalence are shown.
1 Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test
Variable cases
N = 95
controls
N = 250
p-value1
Access to a latrine or toilet, n (%) 90 (99%) 209 (93%) 0.029
    Missing/Unknown 4 25
Does the patient frequently handle or come in contact with soil or sand?, n (%) 55 (60%) 47 (25%) <0.001
    Missing/Unknown 4 63
Any outbreaks reported by school or day care prior to symptom onset, n (%) 3 (33%) 1 (33%) >0.9
    Missing/Unknown 86 247
Do you keep any animals as pets or domestic animals, n (%) 28 (30%) 42 (21%) 0.093
    Missing/Unknown 2 51
Any new illnesses or infections in household members or other close contacts prior to symptom onset, n (%) 13 (14%) 8 (3.9%) 0.001
    Missing/Unknown 2 43
Attendance to in-person school or day care prior to symptom onset, n (%) 9 (9.9%) 3 (1.5%) 0.002
    Missing/Unknown 4 47
Any contact with wild animals at the time of the illness, n (%) 10 (11%) 1 (0.5%) <0.001
    Missing/Unknown 5 46
Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside any building where you work or spend other time?, n (%) 5 (5.6%) 3 (1.7%) 0.12
    Missing/Unknown 5 70
Any contact with stray animals, n (%) 5 (5.4%) 1 (0.5%) 0.013
    Missing/Unknown 2 46
Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside the building where you sleep (do not include yourself)?, n (%) 2 (2.2%) 2 (1.1%) 0.6
    Missing/Unknown 4 67
Any animal bite/scracth prior to symptoms onset, n (%) 2 (2.2%) 0 (0%) 0.093
    Missing/Unknown 4 44
Only exposures with non-zero prevalence are shown.
1 Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test
  • Exposure to medication prior to hospital admission
  • Other exposures prior to hospital admission
Variable Prevalence Percentage Frequency
Antibiotics 42
44.2%
42 / 95
Paracetamol/acetaminophen 8
8.4%
8 / 95
Other medications 4
4.2%
4 / 95
Cough Medicine 1
1.1%
1 / 95
Allergy medicine 0
0%
0 / 95
Aspirin 0
0%
0 / 95
Ibuprofen 0
0%
0 / 95
Herbal medicine/naturopathic/homeopathic medicine 0
0%
0 / 95
Variable Prevalence Percentage Frequency
Access to a latrine or toilet 90
94.7%
90 / 95
Does the patient frequently handle or come in contact with soil or sand? 55
57.9%
55 / 95
Do you keep any animals as pets or domestic animals 28
29.5%
28 / 95
Any new illnesses or infections in household members or other close contacts prior to symptom onset 13
13.7%
13 / 95
Any contact with wild animals at the time of the illness 10
10.5%
10 / 95
Attendance to in-person school or day care prior to symptom onset 9
9.5%
9 / 95
Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside any building where you work or spend other time? 5
5.3%
5 / 95
Any contact with stray animals 5
5.3%
5 / 95
Any outbreaks reported by school or day care prior to symptom onset 3
30%
3 / 10
Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside the building where you sleep (do not include yourself)? 2
2.1%
2 / 95
Any animal bite/scracth prior to symptoms onset 2
2.1%
2 / 95
Any problem or exposure to different water prior to symptom onset 0
0%
0 / 95
Did the patient or household member start using any new personal care products (e.g. soaps, lotions) prior to symptom onset? 0
0%
0 / 95
Any national or overseas trip prior to symptom onset 0
0%
0 / 95
  • Antibiotics exposure
  • Pets/domestic animals exposure
  • Type of latrine or toilet


This dashboard displays statistics of reported cases of ascites in 🇳🇬 as of 2025-05-28

Total cases 95
Total controls 250
Female cases 47%
Persons with HIV 0
Below 5 yrs 25%

Disclaimer

Data are provided by many contributors through the the WHO Clinical data platform and are not necessarily representative. To become a contributor, please see the terms of use and register here.