Cohort
95 Cases
250 Controls
Alkaloid Measured
22 Cases
16 Controls
| Age | N. Cases | N. Controls | Cases Mean (Min-Max) | Controls Mean (Min-Max) | Cases Median (IQR) | Controls Median (IQR) | Wilcoxon p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1-4 years | 7 | 2 | 12.4 (0.69–38.68) | 0 (0–0) | 3.67 (17.78) | 0 (0) | 0.056 |
| 5-9 years | 8 | 7 | 10.47 (1.21–36.86) | 1.78 (0–12.43) | 6.57 (8.82) | 0 (0) | 0.010 |
| 10-14 years | 7 | 7 | 14.23 (0.63–35.02) | 1.15 (0–4.98) | 14.9 (21.82) | 0 (1.54) | 0.028 |
Antibiotics use
48%
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Any problem of gastrointestinal tract | 45 |
47.4%
|
45 / 95 |
| Abdominal distention | 45 |
97.8%
|
45 / 46 |
| Abdominal pain | 42 |
93.3%
|
42 / 45 |
| Fever | 24 |
25.3%
|
24 / 95 |
| Vomiting | 23 |
51.1%
|
23 / 45 |
| Loss of appetite | 19 |
42.2%
|
19 / 45 |
| Diarrhoea | 15 |
33.3%
|
15 / 45 |
| Any chest problem | 4 |
4.2%
|
4 / 95 |
| Wheeze | 3 |
75%
|
3 / 4 |
| Sweating or chills (day or night) | 2 |
2.1%
|
2 / 95 |
| Blood in stool | 2 |
4.4%
|
2 / 45 |
| Cough | 2 |
50%
|
2 / 4 |
| Breathlessness | 2 |
100%
|
2 / 2 |
| Pale stool | 1 |
2.2%
|
1 / 45 |
| Excessive salivation | 1 |
2.2%
|
1 / 45 |
| Any muscle or bone problem | 1 |
1.1%
|
1 / 95 |
| Any ear, nose or throat problem | 1 |
1.1%
|
1 / 95 |
| ...with sputum | 1 |
50%
|
1 / 2 |
| Pain in mouth | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| Runny nose | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| Swallowing problem | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| Difficult swallow | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| Painful swallow | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| Fatigue or malaise | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| Muscle pain or aching | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| .. duration | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 45 |
| Any neurological problems | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 95 |
| Any eye problem | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 95 |
| ...with blood | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 24 |
| Altered level of consciousness | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 2 |
| Seizures | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 1 |
| Pain or redness in the eye | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 1 |
| Sore throat | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 1 |
| Muscle cramps | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 1 |
| Variable | cases N = 95 |
controls N = 250 |
p-value1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal distention, n (%) | 45 (98%) | 4 (100%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 49 | 246 | |
| Abdominal pain, n (%) | 42 (93%) | 4 (100%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 50 | 246 | |
| Wheeze, n (%) | 3 (75%) | 0 (NA%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 91 | 250 | |
| Vomiting, n (%) | 23 (51%) | 4 (100%) | 0.12 |
| Missing/Unknown | 50 | 246 | |
| Cough, n (%) | 2 (50%) | 0 (NA%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 91 | 250 | |
| ...with sputum, n (%) | 1 (50%) | 0 (NA%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 93 | 250 | |
| Diarrhoea, n (%) | 15 (34%) | 4 (100%) | 0.020 |
| Missing/Unknown | 51 | 246 | |
| Loss of appetite, n (%) | 19 (42%) | 0 (0%) | 0.15 |
| Missing/Unknown | 50 | 246 | |
| Any problem of gastrointestinal tract, n (%) | 45 (47%) | 4 (1.9%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 0 | 34 | |
| Fever, n (%) | 24 (25%) | 7 (3.0%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 0 | 16 | |
| Blood in stool, n (%) | 2 (4.5%) | 0 (0%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 51 | 246 | |
| Sweating or chills (day or night), n (%) | 2 (2.2%) | 5 (2.3%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 3 | 31 | |
| Pale stool, n (%) | 1 (2.3%) | 0 (0%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 51 | 246 | |
| Excessive salivation, n (%) | 1 (2.3%) | 0 (0%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 51 | 246 | |
| Any chest problem, n (%) | 4 (4.3%) | 2 (0.9%) | 0.066 |
| Missing/Unknown | 2 | 30 | |
| Any ear, nose or throat problem, n (%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.3 |
| Missing/Unknown | 3 | 33 | |
| Any muscle or bone problem, n (%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.3 |
| Missing/Unknown | 2 | 32 | |
| Only exposures with non-zero prevalence are shown. | |||
| 1 Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test | |||
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tuberculosis (active) | 1 |
1.1%
|
1 / 94 |
| Congenital anomaly | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 95 |
| Chronic heart disease | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 94 |
| Chronic lung disease | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 94 |
| Chronic neurologic condition | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 95 |
| Chronic liver disease | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 94 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 94 |
| Diabetes | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 95 |
| Hematological Disorders | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 95 |
| HIV | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 93 |
| Cancer | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 95 |
| Other immunosuppressive condition | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 95 |
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| BCG | 14 |
14.7%
|
14 / 95 |
| Yellow fever | 13 |
13.7%
|
13 / 95 |
| IPV | 11 |
11.6%
|
11 / 95 |
| Hepatitis B vaccine | 7 |
7.4%
|
7 / 95 |
| Rotavirus | 7 |
7.4%
|
7 / 95 |
| Mumps and Rubella (MMR) | 6 |
6.3%
|
6 / 95 |
| Hepatitis A vaccine | 4 |
4.2%
|
4 / 95 |
| Variable | cases N = 95 |
controls N = 250 |
p-value1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotics, n (%) | 42 (45%) | 2 (0.8%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 2 | 0 | |
| Paracetamol/acetaminophen, n (%) | 8 (8.5%) | 1 (0.4%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 1 | 0 | |
| Other medications, n (%) | 4 (4.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.005 |
| Missing/Unknown | 1 | 0 | |
| Cough Medicine, n (%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.3 |
| Missing/Unknown | 1 | 2 | |
| Only exposures with non-zero prevalence are shown. | |||
| 1 Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test | |||
| Variable | cases N = 95 |
controls N = 250 |
p-value1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Access to a latrine or toilet, n (%) | 90 (99%) | 209 (93%) | 0.029 |
| Missing/Unknown | 4 | 25 | |
| Does the patient frequently handle or come in contact with soil or sand?, n (%) | 55 (60%) | 47 (25%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 4 | 63 | |
| Any outbreaks reported by school or day care prior to symptom onset, n (%) | 3 (33%) | 1 (33%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 86 | 247 | |
| Do you keep any animals as pets or domestic animals, n (%) | 28 (30%) | 42 (21%) | 0.093 |
| Missing/Unknown | 2 | 51 | |
| Any new illnesses or infections in household members or other close contacts prior to symptom onset, n (%) | 13 (14%) | 8 (3.9%) | 0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 2 | 43 | |
| Attendance to in-person school or day care prior to symptom onset, n (%) | 9 (9.9%) | 3 (1.5%) | 0.002 |
| Missing/Unknown | 4 | 47 | |
| Any contact with wild animals at the time of the illness, n (%) | 10 (11%) | 1 (0.5%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 5 | 46 | |
| Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside any building where you work or spend other time?, n (%) | 5 (5.6%) | 3 (1.7%) | 0.12 |
| Missing/Unknown | 5 | 70 | |
| Any contact with stray animals, n (%) | 5 (5.4%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0.013 |
| Missing/Unknown | 2 | 46 | |
| Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside the building where you sleep (do not include yourself)?, n (%) | 2 (2.2%) | 2 (1.1%) | 0.6 |
| Missing/Unknown | 4 | 67 | |
| Any animal bite/scracth prior to symptoms onset, n (%) | 2 (2.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0.093 |
| Missing/Unknown | 4 | 44 | |
| Only exposures with non-zero prevalence are shown. | |||
| 1 Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test | |||
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotics | 42 |
44.2%
|
42 / 95 |
| Paracetamol/acetaminophen | 8 |
8.4%
|
8 / 95 |
| Other medications | 4 |
4.2%
|
4 / 95 |
| Cough Medicine | 1 |
1.1%
|
1 / 95 |
| Allergy medicine | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 95 |
| Aspirin | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 95 |
| Ibuprofen | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 95 |
| Herbal medicine/naturopathic/homeopathic medicine | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 95 |
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Access to a latrine or toilet | 90 |
94.7%
|
90 / 95 |
| Does the patient frequently handle or come in contact with soil or sand? | 55 |
57.9%
|
55 / 95 |
| Do you keep any animals as pets or domestic animals | 28 |
29.5%
|
28 / 95 |
| Any new illnesses or infections in household members or other close contacts prior to symptom onset | 13 |
13.7%
|
13 / 95 |
| Any contact with wild animals at the time of the illness | 10 |
10.5%
|
10 / 95 |
| Attendance to in-person school or day care prior to symptom onset | 9 |
9.5%
|
9 / 95 |
| Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside any building where you work or spend other time? | 5 |
5.3%
|
5 / 95 |
| Any contact with stray animals | 5 |
5.3%
|
5 / 95 |
| Any outbreaks reported by school or day care prior to symptom onset | 3 |
30%
|
3 / 10 |
| Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside the building where you sleep (do not include yourself)? | 2 |
2.1%
|
2 / 95 |
| Any animal bite/scracth prior to symptoms onset | 2 |
2.1%
|
2 / 95 |
| Any problem or exposure to different water prior to symptom onset | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 95 |
| Did the patient or household member start using any new personal care products (e.g. soaps, lotions) prior to symptom onset? | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 95 |
| Any national or overseas trip prior to symptom onset | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 95 |